Genetic Mechanisms of Resistance to Anti-PD-1/L1
SUMMARY
UCLA researchers have identified a rare genetic mutation in the interferon receptor signaling pathway that can be used as a diagnostic to predict whether a patient will be or has become resistant to a cancer immunotherapy.
BACKGROUND
Clinical responses to programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) blockade therapy have revolutionized cancer care with evidence of durable tumor responses in at least 15 different cancers. However, only a minority of patients respond, and some who respond eventually become resistant. Researchers at UCLA have discovered that rare genetic mutations in the interferon receptor signaling pathway can result in lack of PD‐L1 upregulation upon interferon exposure and result in innate resistance to PD‐1 blockade. These include loss of function mutations that truncate, inactivate, or alter the proper splicing of JAK1 or JAK2, leading to a lack of downstream signaling from the interferon receptor. Additionally, this would include epigenetic changes that prevent IRF1 protein expression and subsequent PD‐L1 induction upon interferon gamma exposure.
INNOVATION
Current methods to predict whether a patient will become or has become resistant to cancer immunotherapy do not exist. Assessment by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the current approach to determine if patients may respond to anti‐PD‐1 or anti‐PD‐L1 antibodies. UCLA researchers have developed a method for determining a patient’s risk for cancer progression due to resistance to immunotherapy. These biomarkers may be used as predictors for determining patient risk for cancer progression or regression. By assessing PD‐L1 by immunohistochemistry they can determine whether a patient may respond to anti‐PD‐1 or anti‐PD‐L1 antibodies. This method can lead to individualized management of patients and optimized treatment which can result in decreased toxicity and a significant reduction in cost of by avoiding use of unnecessary therapy.
APPLICATIONS
Personalized medicine: determine proper course of treatment for patients undergoing cancer immunotherapy
Enriching patient population: identify patients likely to respond to treatment
ADVANTAGES
Can be used to predict whether a patient will become or has become resistant to cancer immunotherapy
Individualized management of patients can lead to optimized treatment for each patient:
Toxicity may be decreased by avoiding unnecessary therapy
Cost of care may be significantly reduced by avoiding unnecessary therapy
Efficacy may be optimized by selecting treatments for patients who would experience the maximal benefit
STATE OF DEVELOPMENT
This invention has been shown to be able to detect PD‐L1 by immunohistochemistry.
PATENT STATUS
Patent Pending